Pavlov’s Dog: An Example of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is an important theory of learning within the behavioral perspective of learning. The key to classical conditioning is that we learn through association, which is quite different from operant conditioning in which we learn through consequence.
When Ivan Pavlov was studying the process of salivation in dogs, he made an accidental, but really important discovery—classical conditioning. He discovered that after pairing the appearance of the researcher with the delivery of food a number of times, the dogs began to salivate as soon as the researcher walked into the room even when he or she was not carrying any food.
Here is a list of the steps of the classically conditioned learning process:
|
Stimulus / Response |
Event |
Outcome |
| Neutral stimulus (NS) | The researcher enters the room—prior to the dog learning that the researcher is associated with food. | There is no response. |
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | Food—the dog naturally responds to the food. | No learning needed. |
| Unconditioned response (UCR) | The dog salivates because of the food. | The dog did not need to be taught to salivate. |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | The researcher enters the room. | Now, after being paired with the food, the appearance of the researcher has become a learned stimulus. |
| Conditioned response (CR) | Salivation now occurs because of the researcher. | The dog has now learned to salivate in response to the mere presence of the researcher. |
Here is another example of the steps of the classical conditioning process:
You have moved into a new apartment building. The first time you take a shower happens to correspond with the time when someone flushes the toilet. As a result of this flushing, the water in the shower becomes very hot. Now, because of this experience, each time you hear the toilet flush, you jump out of the shower before the temperature of the water changes.
- NS: Sound of the flushing of the toilet
- UCS: Hot water
- UCR: Jumping out of the shower because of the hot water
- CS: Sound of the flushing of the toilet
- CR: Jumping out of the shower because of the sound of the flushing toilet
Now, complete the following:
Part 1
Think of a classically conditioned response you have experienced and describe the process of learning this response (what was the process you went through in becoming classically conditioned in this response). Be sure to identify the following:
- Neutral stimulus (NS)
- Unconditional stimulus (UCS)
- Unconditional response (UCR)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned response (CR)
Part 2
Address the following questions:
- Describe a practical application that demonstrates this classically conditioned association from your own life. What function does this classically conditioned association serve?
- Explain what would happen if you no longer responded to this conditioned stimulus.
- Describe the manner in which generalization works to maintain classical conditioning.
- Identify the stimulus that has been generalized or could be generalized in your classically conditioned response.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to also include a title page and a reference page
